Objective To investigate the species and distribution of fleas in the frontier ports of China. Methods The fleas were collected from the rodents captured by snap-trap and live-trap, during the period from 2001 to 2015. Results The fleas were identified as 113 species or subspecies, belonging to 6 families, and 28 genera. Due to the complex habitats, the northern port areas have large variety of host rodents and the fleas. The fleas in the Xinjiang port areas possess the most diversity, reaching 57 species and subspecies, among which, 29 species occurring in Alashankou port. Closely followed were Inner Mongolia port areas, including 24 species in Erlianhaote port, then Heilongjiang port areas, including 19 species in Suifenhe port area. For the habitats of the southern port areas are monotonous, and the common host animals were commensal rodents,the species of fleas were less. Only 1-2 species were captured at most of those ports. Conclusion The species and distribution of fleas in the important frontier ports of China were studied, which provided the basic data for the prediction, risk analysis and prevention and control of flea borne diseases at frontier ports in the whole country.

Objective To fully clarify the species of the rodents at the port region of Sino-Vietnam in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, so as to provide basic data for the management of rodents. Methods Night trapping method and night cage method were used to collect the rodents. Results Collected were 498 rodents including 4 species at Dongxing port, 756 rodents including 14 species at Pingxiang port, 75 rodents including 6 species at Shuikou port and 173 rodents including 8 species at Longbang port. Among these rodents, Rattus norvegicus was the predominant species. Conclusion Rattus norvegicus was the key specie of the surveillance and control at the ports.

Objective To investigate the infection with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and its genospecies in Pingxiang of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Methods The specimens of ticks, rodents, and wild birds were collected in Pingxiang region of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in July 2011. Genomic DNA of B. burgdorferi sensu lato was extracted from the ticks and the spleens of rodents and wild birds by boiling method and Qiagen kit. The 5S-23S rRNA gene intergenic region of B. burgdorferi sensu lato was amplified by nested PCR; the PCR products were sequenced and aligned with the sequences of 5S-23S rRNA gene intergenic region of B. burgdorferi sensu lato deposited in GenBank to identify the genospecies of B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Results B. burgdorferi sensu lato was detected in three rodent specimens, with an infection rate of 5.66% (3/53) among the rodents. One of the sequences had a homology of 100% with B. valaisiana (accessions in GenBank: HM100125.1, AB091455.1, AB091454.1, AB091453.1). B. burgdorferi sensu lato was not found in ticks and birds. Conclusion The infection with B. valaisiana in rodents is present in Pingxiang region of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.

Objective To determine the killing effects of sulfuryl fluoride fumigation in ships with rodent infestation. Methods The rodent density was investigated using the Methods of observation and glue rat boards. Sulfuryl fluoride fumigating at 56 g/m³ was then administered in the obturated space of the infested ships for 10 h. Results A large number of rat feces were detected in kitchens, dining - rooms and food storehouses. Rat trace was evident, and 7 roof rats were observed on 10 glue rat boards, indicating heavy infestation. After treatment, 16 dead roof rats and 8 albino rats were found. Conclusion Rodent control in ship should be taken by fumigation of sulfuryl fluoride in emergency situation, such as heavy infestation and out break of specific diseases associated with commensal rodents.

Objective To compare the killing effects of smoke generator, aluminium phosphide and bromadiolone baits against rodents in the port of Erlianhaote, Inner Mongolia. Methods The rodent density was investigated by powder tracking and burrow-checking both indoor and outdoor, respectively. Integrated management such as 0.005% bromadiolone once-baiting, sanitation and rodent - proofing program were adopted in warehouses; and smoke generators, aluminium phosphide and bromadiolone baits were deployed in hungriness region of Meriones unguiculatus. Results The rodent density was 15.85% in warehouses and 19 to 23 holes/hm² outdoor. After treatment, the killing rate was 89.53% in warehouses and 100% in the other 3 outdoor sample sites. Conclusion Indoor rodent control should be taken using integrated management approaches, and baits used in the outdoor regions. Smoke generator and aluminium phosphide had good killing effects. Under emergency situation, doubling the rodenticide dosage may achieve complete rodent control.

Objective To confirm whether one-time deployment of bromadiolone is effective in seaport rodent control. Methods Indoor and outdoor rodent density was investigated both indoor using powder tracking and night-trap Methods after saturated deployment of bromadiolone baits. Results The killing rates were 37.26% and 95.10%, in Mawei port, Fujian and in Dongjiang port, respectively. Conclusion One-time saturated deployment of a rodenticide in a sufficiently large area may yield satisfying killing effect.

Objective To compare the attracting effects of carbon dioxide (CO₂) traps with ultraviolet (UV) light traps on mosquitoes in field settings. Methods Both approaches were used within a 2-hour window before and after sunset, three times monthly, for six consecutive months. Results A total of 2483 mosquitoes were captured, of which 1544 were attracted by CO₂ traps and 939 by UV light. The density of mosquitoes captured by CO₂ traps (11.20/lamp·hour) was significantly higher than by UV light traps (6.87/light·hour). Conclusion The attracting effect of carbon dioxide traps was better than that of UV light traps. CO₂ traps can be used to effectively monitor mosquito density.

Objective To control rat density and ensure public health security at the capital airport. Methods In a routine rodent density investigation carried out by Beijing Capital Airport Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau from October 15 to 17, 2009, it was found that the average rodent density in some areas of the capital airport was up to 5.17%, which exceeded the standard limit of International Hygiene Airport. An emergency response was immediately launched according to the Frontier Public Health Emergency Response Program, including the establishment of an emergency response team, development of the rodent control plan, administration of rodenticides and deployment of glue traps to reduce the rat density. Results After 30 days of emergency treatment, the rodent density decreased to 0.50%, and the monitoring after 40 days revealed zero rat density (based on the night trap measurement). Conclusion The Frontier Public Health Emergency Response Program played a crucial role to proper handling of rodent density increase.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the rodent population composition and its seasonal fluctuation at Beijing Capital international airport (BCIA) from May. to Sep. of 2006-2008, and provide the evidence for the rodents control at BCIA during Olympic Games. Methods The special rodent investigation for Olympic Games was adopted, and the investigation data was analyzed. Results Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus were the dominant species at BCIA, and R. norvegicus was mainly in the room, while M. musculus mainly in outdoor environment. The constituent ratio of Apodemus agrarius reduced year after year. The average rodent densities were 0.86%, 0.29% and 0.26% in 2006-2008, showing the downward tendency. Conclusion A special rodent investigation should be carried out at frontier port before the important international events, especially know the effect of important construction items on the rodent density and its population composition.

【Abstract】 Objective To master the species and seasonal fluctuation of mosquitoes, and provide scientific basis for mosquitoes control in Beijing ports. Methods CO2?baited trap and net trap methods were used for the surveillance of adult mosquitoes, and the scoop dipping method for the surveillance of larvae. Results A total of 14 270 mosquitoes were collected, belonging to 4 genera and 6 species. They were  Anopheles sinensis, Culex pipiens pallens,  Cx.tritaeniorhynchus,  Aedes albopictus, Ae.vexans  and  Armigeres  subalbatus.  As  many  as  114  mosquito  larvae  were  collected,  which  were  Cx.pipiens  pallens  and Cx.modestus. The dominant specie was Cx.pipiens pallens and its active peak was September. Conclusion The integrated management should be taken for a long time to control mosquitoes in Beijing ports.

【Abstract】 Objective To study the influence of the Beijing Capital International Airport T3 terminal construction on circumjacent rodent composition and density, and provide the evidence for the rodents control. Methods The night trapping method was used to investigate the rodent composition and density in the representative environments around the T3 terminal construction sites monthly. Results There were 102 rats belonged to three species caught in T3 terminal construction sites. The dominant specie was Mus musculus, accounting for 67.65% of the total. Rattus norvegicus and Apodemus agrarius accounted for 21.57% and 10.78%, respectively. There was significant difference in the rodent composition from 2005 to 2008（χ²＝17.24，P＝0.008）, and the average rodent density reduced year after year. Conclusion The construction of T3 terminal led to the change of environment, resulting in change of rodent composition and its density. It should strengthen the surveillance of rodent for the important construction item around its peripheral environment and carry out thoroughly the killing of rodent.

【Abstract】 Objective To master the fly species and population composition at Beijing port and provide scientific evidence for fly control. Methods The baited fly traps method was used in this study. Results There were 30 species, 16 genera, 5 families of flies captured from April to November of 2006 and 2007. The annual average fly density was 59.7 flies/(cage ·day). There were two peaks, one was in May and the other was in September. Conclusion It was important to clean out the breeding sites for the control of flies at Beijing port.

【Abstract】 Objective To master the species and composition of ectozoa on the body of the rodents and hedgepig in Beijing ports. Methods Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Apodemus agrarius and Erinaceus europaeus were captured by night trapping method, and the ectoza were collected from the body of them. Results A total of 282 ectozoas were picked up and identified, belonging to 12 species. It included 61 gamasid mite belonging to 6 species, 203 ticks belonging to 4 species, 13 chigger  mite  belonging to 1 species and 5 fleas belonging to 1 species. Beside the above species, there were Laelaps echidninus, Ls.jettmari, Ls.nuttalli, Haemolaelaps glasgowi, Hirstionyssus sunci, Macrocheles muscaedomesticae, Dermacentor silvarum, Dermacentor nuttalli, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Haemaphysalis longicornis, Leptotrombidium pallidium, Xenopsylla cheopis, respectively. Conclusion The infestation ratio and the ectozoa index of these hosts were lower with the exception of hedgepig.

Objective To control mosquitoes during outbreak of mosquito-borne disease and disaster, 02Ⅰ type of motor-mounted ultra low volume(ULV) system was designed and developed. Methods 02Ⅰ type of motor-mounted ULV system contains three parts: motorcycle, ULV sprayer and control system. The evaluation experiment were conducted at the peak of mosquito population at the dusk and mosquitoes were collected by man-bait bednet trap. The results were showed by the decrease rates of mosquito population. Results It showed that the 02Ⅰ type of motor-mounted ULV system has characteristics of mechanistic stability, high efficiency and easy operation. After 1% rich-d-cyphenothrin spray(5.25 L/hm ²), density of mosquitoes were decreased by 84%-96%, while the dose was added to 6.75 L/hm ², the density was decreased by 100%. Conclusion 02Ⅰ type of motor-mounted ULV system is suitable to vector control at outbreak of mosquito-borne disease and disaster.

Objective To develop techniques to monitor the resistance of commensal rodents with blood clotting response(BCR) test. Methods Buff-breasted rats Rattus flavipectus were sampled from suburbs of Zhanjiang,Guangdong province,where higher resistance to bromadiolone had been documented previously. Results With non-alternative feeding tests,the upper limit of 95% effective dose of the wild population was proposed as discrimination dose(4.0 mg/kg) to discriminate the resistant buff-breasted rat form susceptible ones according to the method appraised by European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization(OEPP/EPPO,1995). And then,effects of bromadiolone at 4.0 mg/kg body weight on the blood clotting response of buff-breasted rat were studied. Results showed that the discrimination dose droved the percentage clotting activity(PCA) distribution pattern changed form one peak type of pre-treatment whole population into double peaks type,which one peak stand for resistant individuals which would survive within 20 d for their PCA range from 10-100,and the other peak should be susceptible individuals which would die in the following days for their PCA less than 10,which indicated the consistence of BCR method and non-alternative feeding test in monitoring the resistance of buff-breasted rat. Furthermore,both resistant and susceptible individuals decreased their PCA in the following days,while PCA of resistant individuals only decreased to 17% of normal level and soon increased to normal level within 2-3 d,compared to that of susceptible individuals whose PCA decrease dramatically and no increase observed. Therefore,PCA=10(INR=5.0) might be a threshold in determining "responders" to discriminate the resistant and susceptible rodent administrated by 4.0 mg/kg bromadiolone. Conclusion BCR might be applicable method to monitor the resistance against anticoagulant rodenticides of commensal rodents.

Objective In order to make tracks for infectious factors of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS),and to investigate hantavirus(HV) infection of rodents from urban district of Beijing. Methods We trapped the rodents in different niches in urban district monthly during 2003-2004,detected the IgG reacting sera to HV antigen using ELISA,and amplified the partial M segment of HV from captured rodent lung samples with RT-PCR and then sequenced it directly. The alignment of the nucleotide and the deduced amino acid sequences,together with phylogenetic analysis were made with DNASTAR software. Results 2 species ( Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus) of 229 rodents were captured. The overall seroprevalence of HV infection was 4.37% (10/229) with R.norvegicus 3.51%( 6/171) and M.musculus 6.90%( 4/58) respectively. RT-PCR positive rates were 0.87%( 2/229) with R.norvegicus 0.58%( 1/171) and M.musculus 1.72%( 1/58) respectively. The nucleotide sequences of 356 bp region (1958-2313) of M segment obtained from these 2 samples were all identified to SEOV,with 5.40% divergence. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that they all belonged to Z37 subgenotypes from Zhejiang province,and could be branched into 2 different subclades. Conclusion It showed SEOV were the dominant genotypes in Murinae rodents from urban district of Beijing and had the variational nature among different hosts. The HV prevalence of hosts in urban district was not high. Besides R.norvegicus,the increasing prevalence effect of M.musculus should be noticed.

Objective Evaluation the resistance of Rattus norvegicus against warfarin and bromadiolone and comparison the two testing methods,blood clotting response(BCR) and feeding.Methods The resistance of R.norvegicus against warfarin and bromadiolone was tested with BCR and feeding method.Results The 50% effective dosees(ED ₅₀) of warfarin for R.norvigicus Beijing suburb population were(3.849 mg/kg) and(4.727 mg/kg) for male and female respectively.As for bromadiolone,ED 50 values were(0.516 mg/kg) and(0.689 mg/kg) for male and female.According to the baseline of susceptible R.norvegicus approved by ARRPC,the resistance of the population was(2.219-2.549) fold for warfarin and(1.098-1.129) for bromadiolone.Conclusion Compared with feeding test approved by WHO in 1980s,BCR methods obtained similar results and appeared to be a reliable and applic20050822able method in monitor anticoagulant resistance of commensal rodent.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the capturing rodent by an innovative patented rodent snap trap.Methods The new snap traps were set in the evening and checked in the next morning,and break back trap was used as contrast.Results The capturing rates of commensal rodent were 10.65%(10.67%-10.63%)and 10.67%(4.00%-17.33%) respectively,for the new traps and break back traps,while the capturing rates of wild rodent were 1.33%(0.50%-3.00%) and 5.67%(3.50%-10.00%) respectively.Conclusion The new trap is suitable to capture commensal rodent,not to wild rodent.

Objective To investigate the time niche of ectoparasites of the rodent in Dongling Mountain,Western Beijing.Methods The niche breadth and niche overlap of 18 dominant species of ectoparasites in resource-series formed by 7 species of rodents were calculated.The species of ectoparasites with great niche overlap were classified as one niche overlap group by clustering analysis.Results The values of time niche breadth of Neopsylla specialis,Ixodes persulcatus,Laelaps micromydis,and Lepotrombidium orientale were the widest in different ectoparasite type.The value of niche overlap of the dominant ectoparasites seen to be high,e.g. Laelaps echidninus and L.orientale,N.bidentatiformis and N.specialis,Haemogamasus calandrellus and N.specialis.ConclusionThose ectoparasite species with high value of niche overlap emerged on the same season.

Objective:To understand species-abundance distribution of the rodent's ectoparasite communities in Dongling Mountain,Western Beijing.Methods:Wild rodents were captured by snap-traps in three different ecological habitats in the region from June 1998 to May 1999.7 species of rodents,568 individuals were examined for ectoparasites,16 species of flea,3 species of tick,22 species of gamasid mite,and 7 species of chigger mite collected.Results:The species of ectoparasites with individuals below 10 accounted for 58%-88%,the species with middle individuals(11-100) were generally scarce,and a few species with high abundance(>100) could be seen in the ectoparasites communities.Conclusion:Species richness and abundance indices varied significantly in different types of ectoparasite communities among different hosts.

Objective:To study the structure of flea communities of the rodents in Dongling Mountain,Western Beijing.Methods:A series of ecological methods were involved in this paper of community structure,diversity and similarity.Results:16 species of flea,582 individuals were collected in three different ecological habitats from June 1998 to May 1999 in the region.In forest habitat,the dominant species of those communities are not very outstanding,while in the habitats of shrub and farmland,they quite outstanding.In flea communities, Frontopsylla nakagawai is dominant species for Apodemus agrarius and A.peninsulae,paradoxopsyllus curvispinus for Rattus niviventer,Neopsylla bidentatiformis for Cricetulus triton,Amphipsyllus primaries for Clethrionomys rufocanus.Conclusion:The structure of flea communities are complicated,with high diversity indexes.

Objective:To investigate the trophic niche of ectoparasites of the rodent in Dongling Mountain,Western Beijing.Methods:The niche breadth and niche overlap of 18 dominant species of ectoparasites in resource-series formed by 7 species of rodents were calculated.The species of ectoparasites with great niche overlap were classified as one niche overlap group by clustering analysis.Results:The values of trophic niche breadth of Frontopsylla nakagawai,Ixodes persulcatus,Laelaps micromydis and Lepotrombidium orientale were the widest in different ectoparasity type.The value of niche overlap of the dominant ectoparasities was high,e.g. L.echidninus and L.turskestanicus,Hypoaspis pavlovskii and Eulaelaps stabularis,Neopsylla bidentatiformis and E.dongfangis,N.specialis and L.orientale,H.pavlovskii and Stenoponia sidim.Conclusion:The ectoparasites species with great niche overlap have similar need for host.

Objective:To study the structure of chigger mite communities of the rodents in Dongling Mountain,western Beijing.Method:A series of ecological methods are involved in this paper of community structure,diversity and similarity.Results:7 species of chigger mite,1780 individuals were collected in three different ecological habitats from June 1998 to May 1999 in the region.In forest habitat,the dominant species of those communities are not very outstanding,while in the habitats of shrub and farmland,they quite outstanding.In chigger mite communities, Leototrombidium orientale are dominant species for all hosts.ConclusionThe structures of chigger mite are simple,with low diversity indices.

Objective:To determine whether I.persulcatus can transmit Lyme spirochetes Borrelia garinii trans-stadially.Methods:Larva of I.persulcatus were allowed to feed on the KM mouse infected with tick-derived Lyme spirochete Borrelia garinii.And the larva replete and resultant nymphs were detected for the spirochetes by cultivation and PCR screening.Results:Almost all the larva of I.persulcatus replete from KM mice can acquire the spirochetes.During the blood ingestion period followed,the larva can maintain the infection,though its positive infection ratio fluctuated.After molted,about 45.0% of quest nymph I.persulcatus detected was infected with the spirochetes,which were infectious to the sensitive KM mouse.When fed by the nymph,the sensitive KM mouse should be infected by the spirochetes.The ear lope kidney spleen and bladder of the KM mouse were also infected.Conclusion: I.persulcatus is able to acquire and trans-phase transmit the spirochete B.garinii from larva to nymph stage.

Objective:To investigate the infestation level by ectoparasites on the rodent in Dongling Mountain,Western Beijing.Methods:Calculating the infestation ratio and ectoparasite(such as fleas,ticks,gamasid and chigger mites) indices on each rodent species in three different ecological habitats in the region.Analyzing the influences of the age or sex of host to the relative intensity of ectoparasites.Result:For Cricetulus triton the infestation ratio by ectoparasites was more than 46%,for Clethrionomys rufocanus the infestation ratio by fleas was 49.37%,for Rattus niviventer those by gamasid and chigger mites more than 49%,and the others lower.Ectoparasite indices on each rodent species in the scrub haditat were higher than those in the forest and farmland habitats.Conclusions:Ectoparasite index is affected by age to a certain degree,not by sex of the host.

Objective:To study some feature of the rodent population in Dongling Mountain,Western Beijing.Methods:7 species of rodents,568 individuals were captured by snap-traps in three different ecological habitats in the region from June 1998 to May 1999.Results:The structure of rodent communities were simple,the dominant species were quite outstanding.There were 5 species in the forest habitat and capture rate was 4.06%,of which, Apodemus peninsulae,Clethrionomys rufocanus and A.agrarius were the dominant species.Five species in the shrubs habitat,the capture rate was 5.19%,and A.agrarius,C.rufocanus and A.peninsulae were the dominant species.Six species in farmland habitat,the capture rate was 6.53%,and A.agrarius,Mus musculus and <>Cricetulus triton were the dominant species.This paper dealt with some population parameters,included biomass,age structure,relative fatness,reproductive index,sex ratio,and breeding length of 7 rodent species in different habitats.Conclusion:The population of A.agrarius may increases.

Objective:To study the structure of gamasid mite communities of the rodents in Dongling Mountain,Western Beijing.Methods:22 species of gamasid mite,1 081 individuals were collected in three different ecological habitats from June 1998 to May 1999 in the region.A series of ecological methods were study in this study of community structure,diversity and similarity.Result:In forest habitat,the dominant species of those communities are not very outstanding,while in the habitats of scrub and farmland,they are quite outstanding.In gamasid mite communities, Laelaps micromydisis dominant species for Apodemus agrarius and Clethrionmys rufocanus, Eulaelaps stabularis for for Rattus niviventer,E.dongfangis for Cricetulus triton.Conclusions:The structures of gamasid mite communities are complicated,with high diversity indices.

Objective:To study the structure of tick communities of the rodents in Dongling Mountain,Western Beijing.Methods:3 species of tick,416 individuals were collected in three different ecological habitats from June 1998 to May 1999 in the region.A series of ecological methods are involved in this paper of community structure,diversity and similarity.Results:In forest habitat,the dominant species of those communities are not very outstanding,while in the habitats of shrub and farmland,they quite outstanding.In tick communities, Ixodes persulcatus are dominant species for all rodent hosts.Conclusions:The structures of tick communities are simple,with low diversity indices.

Objective:To investigate the interspecies associations of ectoparasites of the rodents in Dongling Mountain,western Beijing.Methods:The interspecies associations among 18 dominant species of ectoparasites from the rodents were studied by interspecies coefficient.Result: Neopsylla bidentatiformis、N.specialis,Laelaps echidninus、L.turskestanicus,Leptotrombidium orientale and L.palpale,with wide of host range,present an apparently positive association,they can coexist on the hosts.There is a lightly negative association between Rhipicephalus sanguineus or Eulaelaps dongfangis with narrow host range and other species of ectoparasites.Conclusion:The wider host range of ectoparasites,the higher those of ectoparasites coefficient of association will be.

Thc paper reports the results of palatability of 0.1% and 0.2% Trebon rice baits to albino rats and its barn pest control in lab.The rat liked to eat the bait, the palatabIe indices of the 2 baits were 0.95 and0.84, and the baits have no poison to the rat.The bait poison to barn pest such as Tribolium castaneum, T.confasus and Plodia interpunctella was good, the control rate reached 80100% in 48-96hr after treatment.The 2 haits' LT50 were 12.56hr and 4.04hr, and mean killing time 2.85 and 2.84 days, respectivelly.